As noted Semevskii FN and ...

As noted Semevskii FN and Semenov, SM: "The signs are useful for the general population, but reduce individual fitness, are not able to spread in the population. Holders of such signs is displaced individuals who are better able and appear through mutation or migration. "(Lit. number 9) This statement is false. Sheet 4 In order to more clearly understand this problem, we consider it as submitted by McFarland. Farlend Mac sees it for example, "drumming rabbits." Hare, seeing a hawk in the sky begins to drum on the ground hind legs, letting the other rabbits on the approaching danger. (lit. number 5) "The main problem arising in the explanation of altruism from the perspective of group selection - a possibility of fraud . For example, imagine a population of rabbits, whose members do not warn each other of approaching danger. Suppose that in this population appears a gene that makes a rabbit - its media pounding feet on the ground, if he senses danger. This is the sound of other rabbits signal to be alert, but he also draws attention to the predator. Thus it appears that the rabbit, who drums, put herself in danger, and neighbors is most advantageous. We assume that this "drummer" Can not transfer their genes before they eat it a predator, whereas in the population of rabbits there nebarabanyaschih subpopulation of "drummers." Since these signals are profitable group, the arguments in terms of group selection suggests that drumming group will suffer less from predators than nebarabanyaschaya. Although the "drummers" expose themselves to risk attracting the attention of predators, rabbits, found themselves in proximity, time to escape "..." However, this situation is evolutionarily stable, because rabbit in a drumming group that has no "drumming" of genes will not expose themselves to danger, detect predators, however, he will benefit from the warning signals issued by other members of the group. This rabbit would be a bluffer and would have an advantage over other group members. Greater reproductive success of rabbits cheaters would mean that "drumming" genes would gradually were eliminated from the population. In order to circumvent the theoretical arguments of this kind have been made various attempts, but none of them was not supported by evolutionary biologists. "This issue is more convenient to treat the same pattern of relationships as in kin altruism. An individual, as a donor donates what that part of his fitness - it is more convenient to treat it as a resource X, and the recipient receives a benefit (resource) that is equal to Nx (where N> 1). The population of altruists, where everyone would be both donor and recipient would be better suited, What population does not altruists. Gain of each individual-altruist altruistic sharing of mutually beneficial would be approximately equal (NX-X) m, where m-the frequency of altruistic acts (meetings) at which the individual is a donor or recipient (ie, 2m - the number of general meetings).