Studies with zolpidem have shown ...

Research with zolpidem have shown that periodic use (three - five times a week) can also be effective for chronic insomnia, with the persistent effect was noted in those nights when the drug is taken, and the dream is not worsened compared to baseline status in the night without medication. The impact of withdrawal of medication, especially rikoshetnoy insomnia, are rare after the cessation of long-acting benzodiazepines, and tend to be mild manifestation after discontinuation of benzodiazepines intermediate steps. However, reported severe rikoshetnoy insomnia after cessation of triazolam, a short preparation steps, which usually lasts from one to three nights .. In contrast, studies have shown a slight rikoshetnuyu insomnia or lack thereof; rikoshetnoy insomnia was not observed after discontinuation of zaleplon. The rate of withdrawal of benzodiazepines should be individualized, depending on the half-life and dosage, duration of therapy and whether chronic or acute insomnia. Several cases of anterograde amnesia, a day after the use of triazolam, but the prevalence of this adverse event is unknown. While various studies have shown deficits in memory after the use of different half-life benzodiazepines, clinically significant amnesia, seems to be mainly limited to short-acting drugs. Amnesia, including those associated with sleep-related eating,. has been described using zolpidem, but much less frequently - by using triazolam. The most pronounced side effects of long-acting benzodiazepines - daytime sleepiness and poor coordination. These effects may also reported with drugs of intermediate steps, but less frequently: they are rarely caused by medications brief action, such as triazolam, and usually observed only at high doses. Side effects are more common in the elderly, and here we need to reduce the dose. Using long-acting benzodiazepines was associated with an increased risk of falls and hip fractures in elderly people. The problem with most studies of these drugs - their limited duration of the average duration of treatment in 22 studies included in the above-mentioned meta-analysis - 12 days (maximum period of -35 days). Short-term tolerance, defined by the deterioration of performance of sleep over time was not marked by the use of temazepam for 8 weeks, zolpidem continuously for 4-5 weeks or intermittently for 12 weeks, or when using zaleplone for 4-5 weeks. The longest test (6 months of treatment with eszopiclone) showed persistent beneficial effects without the development of tolerance. Antidepressants with sedative effects are increasingly appointed for chronic insomnia, despite the paucity of data from randomized trials to support this practice. Small, randomized trials demonstrated the efficacy of trazodone (trazodone) in the treatment of insomnia in patients with depression. 14 - day trial comparing trazodone, zolpidem and placebo in patients with primary insomnia showed improvement in latency and duration of sleep (measured by questionnaire) in the appointment of trazodone compared with placebo, but less of an effect when compared with zolpidem.

Benzodiazepines act through the ...

Benzodiazepines act through the benzodiazepine receptor complex - gamma - aminobutyric acid, affecting the flow of chlorine. Benzodiazepine receptor agonists bind to the same receptor complex, but have different affinity towards different receptor subclasses. Drugs available on the market to treat insomnia without a prescription, include sedative antagonists histamine-1 - receptors (diphenhydramine and doxylamine) and melatonin, but their use is not supported by strict data. Randomized, controlled trials of antagonists histamine-1 receptors suggest that they improve sleep subjective, but conclusions limited to a small number of subjects, a brief period of drug administration and the lack of objective indicators; morning lethargy - a well-known side effect. Studies of melatonin, which included a small number of patients treated for brief periods with different doses and formulas, showed conflicting results. Many randomized trials have shown the effectiveness of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists in the elimination of short-term insomnia, but no studies have gone beyond the limits of application within 6 months. Meta-analysis of 22 studies of benzodiazepines or benzodiazepine receptor agonist zolpidem (Ambien) demonstrated that these drugs lead to significant improvements in sleep latency, total sleep time, fewer awakenings and improve sleep quality. In a subgroup of nine studies that included relevant data, the average patient receiving medication to sleep faster than 71% of the control group, slept longer than 76% of the control subjects, woke up less than 74%, and marked a good quality sleep than 73 % the control group .. Short-term medications were more pronounced effect on sleep latency, whereas the preparations of the intermediate or long-acting, had a more pronounced effect on total sleep time. Another meta-analysis of benzodiazepine therapy (including drugs short, intermediate and long-acting) confirmed the beneficial effects of this class of drugs in total sleep time, but there was no significant effect on sleep latency. Studies benzodiazepine receptor agonist zaleplon (Sonata) showed 50% reduction in latency compared with the initial state, but had no significant effect on total sleep time - a result that is consistent with a very short half-life of the drug. Zaleplon, introduced after 3.5 hours after the disappearance of daylight, increased sleep for 4 hours, but did not lead to any of sleepiness during the day or to violations of intellectual activity. The six-month study of eszopiclone (Lunesta), a benzodiazepine receptor agonist with an intermediate half-life, recently approved for use in the U.S. showed 50% reduction in sleep latency and 65% reduction in the time of awakenings after sleep onset compared to baseline status.

Physical therapy methods of relaxation ...

Therapy Physical methods of relaxation components: progressive muscle relaxation, bio-feedback. Mental components: training capacity of visual images (imagery), meditation, hypnosis. Psychotherapy of Education to change the misconceptions about sleep (for example, are: health requires a minimum of 8 hours of sleep per night). Sleep hygiene education correction of external factors affecting sleep: influence from outside (pets or snoring partner), the temperature in the bedroom, the fixation on the clock beside the bed, alcohol, nicotine or caffeine, lack of physical activity or activity just before bedtime. Many randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of methods of behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. In two large meta-analysis concluded that, compared with placebo, these methods lead to improvements in the initial sleep-onset latency and total sleep time (each figure, roughly, on average, 30 min.) And a decrease in the number and duration of awakenings . Approximately 50% of patients noted significant clinical improvement. Treatment usually combines several approaches. Although the data confirm the effectiveness of various individual components of therapy (with the possible exception of sleep hygiene education and psychotherapy, in itself), combined methods are more effective than individual techniques. The average recorded duration of follow-up after completion of behavioral therapy - six months, with persistent beneficial effects noted in most studies. In most studies, longitudinal behavioral psychotherapy by psychologists, an average of 6 lessons (total, 5.8 hours) per patient. Meta-analysis suggests that individual therapy is somewhat more effective than the group. Trainees in the field of psychology and psychiatry, public health nurses and consultants in the primary medicine successfully carry out this therapy for 4-6 sessions of 20-50 minutes. each. Successful results were also reported when therapy (consisting of 3-10 sessions) was conducted by doctors of primary practice, the last 3-hour training by a psychologist experienced in treating insomnia. Investigation of the reduced rate behavioral therapy conducted by junior clinical psychologists for 2 sessions lasting for 25 min. With a two-week break, showed a significant effect persisting for at least 3 months. Self-help through written materials or videotapes also proved to be effective. Pharmacological therapy class of drugs issued to treat insomnia prescription include benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine receptor agonists and antidepressants with sedative effects. Benzodiazepines approved Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating insomnia include drugs with long, intermediate and short half-life, while approved by agonists of benzodiazepine receptors - drugs with an intermediate, short or ultrashort half-life (a table).

Compared with the control group ...

Compared with the control group, patients with insomnia exhibit elevated total cerebral glucose metabolism on positron emission tomography in the waking or sleeping, increased beta activity and decreased theta and delta - activity on EEG during sleep, an increased level of metabolism during the day and higher levels of secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol. Insomnia secondary to other causes is more common than primary, it should be excluded or treated before the diagnosis of primary insomnia. While maintaining the insomnia, despite the treatment of secondary causes should begin therapy of primary insomnia. One individual patient can be observed several reasons for this violation. Violations of the circadian rhythm such as sleep disorders due to working shifts and sleep phase delay syndrome [delayed sleep phase syndrome] (lag period of sleep more than 2 hours in relation to the normal time), as well as insufficient sleep syndrome is voluntary, should be considered in the differential diagnosis, but they are not considered forms of insomnia. STRATEGIES AND EVIDENCE Methods behavioral therapy behavioral therapy methods (see table) include a group of techniques that focus on factors that contribute to chronic insomnia, regardless of the cause. Stimulus control therapy suggests that insomnia is an inadequate response to factors such as bedtime and bedroom furnishings (such as regular reading or watching television in bed instead of sleeping) and requires the patient to re-learn to associate bed with sleep. Therapy by sleep restriction comes from the fact that people suffering from insomnia, can learn to increase during sleep due to his suspension, voluntarily reducing the time spent in bed. Relaxation techniques are based on the hypothesis that insomnia is associated with gipervozbuzhdeniem. Mental component of such methods involves education about sleep needs, the correction of unrealistic expectations of the patient and discussion of his anxiety and an exaggerated perception of the consequences of poor sleep. Sleep hygiene education is aimed at external factors that may contribute to perpetuate the insomnia, such as noise in the bedroom, or caffeine. Table. Types of behavioral therapy therapy monitoring incentives Go to bed only when sleepy feel. Use the bedroom only for sleep and sex. If you are unable to fall asleep within 15-20 minutes, go into another room, read or enjoy other quiet activities, go to sleep, only feeling drowsy, repeat if necessary. Set a regular wake time regardless of the duration of sleep. Avoid daytime sleep. Sleep restriction therapy Snizhaytevremya stay in bed until the estimated total sleep time (at least 5 hours). Increase the weekly time prebyvanyai in bed for 15 minutes. When the alleged sleep efficiency (ratio of sleep time to time spent in bed) is at least 90 minutes.

Regardless of the method used ...

Regardless of the treatment status of most patients improved and their body weight increases by 1-2 kg per week. Regular physical activity sharply increased levels of estrogen, which will positively impact not only on menstrual function and bone density. However, there are situations where anorexia nervosa patient's life-threatening and requires medical attention. In severe cases, when body weight is reduced by 40% or more, requires an immediate forced parenteral feeding (intravenous glucose and nutritional mixtures). It aims to combat severe malnutrition and is designed to prevent the death of the patient. However, too vigorous feeding in any way could easily disrupt the fragile metabolic balance, which is installed in the patient. Parenteral feeding may be complicated by an increase in liver enzymes (transaminases) and a violation of electrolyte balance, which sometimes leads to death. The article was published on the website http://www.rusmg.ru

Chronic insomnia

Insomnia is defined as difficulty falling asleep, wake up (after the onset of sleep, but before the desired waking time), the violation of the duration or quality of sleep, resulting in violations of daily activity, despite adequate opportunity and facilities to sleep. Most studies have adopted an arbitrary definition of insomnia: a delay in the onset of sleep for more than 30 minutes. or sleep efficiency (ratio of sleep time to time spent in bed) less than 85%. However, in clinical practice, subjective judgments about the patient's quality or quantity of sleep - a more important factor. Transient (transient) insomnia lasts less than one week, short-term - from one to four weeks. Chronic insomnia - insomnia lasting more than one month - has a prevalence of 10-15% and occurs more frequently in women, older adults and patients with chronic medical or psychiatric disorders. It may follow episodes of acute insomnia in people predisposed to it, and become chronic due to behavioral and psychological factors, such as anxiety and restlessness while in bed, as well as misconceptions about the duration of sleep. Effects include fatigue, mood disorders, problems of interpersonal relationships, difficulties in carrying out professional activities and reduced quality of life. Detailed history, obtained from the patient and his partner (if applicable) usually allows you to accurately classify the causes of insomnia. For the patient may be particularly helpful in keeping a diary recording the time of sleep for one to four weeks. Polysomnography is rarely needed, only in case of strong suspicion of impaired breathing during sleep, breach of periodic limb movements (periodic limb movement disorder) or in the absence of treatment effect. Insomnia can be classified as primary or secondary. Pathogenesis of primary insomnia is unknown, but available data indicate the state of gipervozbuzhdeniya (hyperactivity).

That gipoestrogennoe state ...

It gipoestrogennoe status in patients with anorexia nervosa is the basis of their susceptibility to osteoporosis. His weight is determined by the duration gipoestrogenemii. In connection with violations of gonadotropic and metabolic hormones, patients with anorexia nervosa in hormonal terms as would be returned to the prepubertal state. In this case, reproductive disorders should be regarded as a defensive response in terms of food shortages and mental exertion. So for the restoration of the age of secretion of gonadotrophic releasing hormone is required to achieve ideal body weight and the elimination of mental stress. Along with gipoestrogenemiey anorexia nervosa is characterized by an increase in blood cortisol (adrenal hormones), emitting its excess in the urine, as well as reduced thyroid hormones - thyroxine (T4) and T3. Which takes place in anorexia nervosa insufficient caloric intake may cause increase in growth hormone levels. Clinical manifestations of Anorexia nervosa in 50% of the cases can proceed episodes of bulimia, after which the patient often particularly obvious signs of anxiety, remorse and depression. The development of bulimia nervosa in patients with anorexia may indicate that innate factors and the influence of social environment act as a kind of counterweight biopsihologicheskogo aimed at combating starvation and maintenance of body weight. Clinical manifestations of anorexia nervosa have their own characteristics: predominance of adolescent girls (described only isolated cases of prepubertal boys) compliance with strict dieting adolescents with obsessive quest for weight loss, often leading to a drastic depletion depends on the degree of weight loss and poor tolerance to cold, especially , heat, abnormal fear of lose control of food intake and body weight binge (bulimia) and the artificial stimulation of the vomiting, excessive, compulsive self-affirmation of incorrect self-esteem with the loss of ability to distinguish between the thickness and thinness decrease in body temperature (chill) drop in blood pressure (hypotension), loss of menstruation (amenorrhea) - an important symptom that may appear before the lower body weight, and at the same time or after weight loss These features differentiate anorexia nervosa from a "simple weight loss, or aversion to food and weight loss in diseases such as hypopituitarism (insufficient pituitary cells , thereby reducing the production of hormones). Patients with anorexia nervosa in typical cases, aggressive and focused on themselves, have an internal psychological conflict and ill-adapted to the environment. Treatment and outcome of most patients seek medical attention before the onset of severe malnutrition. In such cases, recovery can occur spontaneously without medical intervention. If, however, patients need medical care, it has traditionally included psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, coaching members of the family and forced feeding.

The article was published in the journal ...

The article was published in the journal "Pharmaceutical Journal"

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa - due to neuroendocrine changes in eating disorders characterized by failure of food intake and / or its rejection. For the first time this condition was described over 200 years ago. Anorexia nervosa is defined by impaired functioning neuroendocrine regulatory systems, occurring on the background or being a consequence of the psychodynamic disorders. Last updated very important because some neuroendocrine impairment may be as part of the behaviors (rejection of food), while others appear a second time under the influence of factors such as weight loss and depression. Spread over the last two decades in Western countries has increased significantly the number of individuals with anorexia nervosa. This state is common among school-age girls in Sweden with a frequency of 1:150, in England, its frequency among girls in private schools was 1:200, and 1:550 in the public schools, among British schoolgirls aged 16 and over, the frequency of the disease has reached 1:90. Structures involved in the regulation of appetite basic brain structure involved in appetite regulation is the hypothalamus, the ventromedial part responsible for the saturation and lateral, is apparently involved in the initiation of food intake, ie, the center plays the role of hunger. There are many experimental data that by stimulating these two areas of the hypothalamus can cause opposite changes in eating behavior. In addition to the hypothalamic structures involved in feeding behavior of endogenous opioid peptides. Stress-induced appetite (well-known syndrome in humans and animals), many experts attributed to the activation of the endogenous opioid system. In animal experiments have shown that after termination of repetitive stress-inducing food consumption, developing a withdrawal syndrome, similar to that observed in drug addicts. These data support the idea that obesity may be a result of addiction to its own endogenous opioids. Pathophysiology of Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a sharp decrease in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone by decreasing the frequency and amplitude of the pulse separation lyuteoniziruyuschego hormone, as well as the weakening of activity of gonadotrophic releasing hormone, which leads to disruption of reproductive function. Vibrations of a-adrenergic activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus may cause occasional fluctuations in eating behavior. Reduced secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone is associated with increased opioid activity in the brain (excessive consumption of food) and / or excessive production of corticotropin relilizing-stimulating hormone (anorexia). Along with a decrease in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone is disturbed metabolism of sex hormones, which manifests itself gipoestrogenemiey. Scientists believe, are available for anorexia nervosa shifts in the metabolism of estrogen, probably non-specific and associated with changes in body weight or the nature of power.

After the traditional tricyclic ...

After the traditional tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to date were among the most widely used means for the differentiated treatment of endogenous depression with various psychiatric picture, and with varying degrees of severity. Being less toxic than TCA SSRI-compounds such as antidepressants and II generation, in general, inferior to them in the words of an antidepressant effect and, as is evident from tables 2-3, converge on this indicator with the "atypical" antidepressants II generation. When you create a better anti-depressants, whose main task - to minimize the inefficiencies that antidepressants I, II and III generation, purposeful synthesis tipoanaleptikov which action is directed to the simultaneous increase in noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission with selective effects on the serotonin receptor 5-HT 1, associated with actually a manifestation of antidepressant drug action, and simultaneous blockade of 5-HT2 and 5NT3 receptors, preventing the development of side effects. These compounds are conventionally refer to IV generation antidepressants. They include a group of noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) and a group of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors and norepinephrine (SNRI). NaSSA-antidepressants have high antidepressant activity with virtually no side effects holinoliticheskogo. To this class of compounds include mirtazapine, registered in Russia under the name of remeron. Clinically, it seems to combines the positive qualities of the previous generations of antidepressants: the strength of antidepressant effects remeron associate with the action of TCA sedatikov and exceeds the "atypical" antidepressants II generation and SSRI-compound suppresses manifestations of anxiety and agitation, sleep disorders, suicidal behavior. Therapeutic effect remerona seen quickly, with the seventh day of treatment. In 80% of patients with endogenous depression by the end of a 4-week course of treatment showed a significant improvement. The drug is also effective in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression and is well tolerated even after long months of use. Another group of modern antidepressants - SNRI-drugs - also has a new perspective in optimizing antidepressant therapy of endogenous depressions. Representatives of this group of compounds: milnacipran (Ixelles) and venlafaxine (Effexor), as NaSSA-drugs - similar to detect TCA antidepressant activity in endogenous depression and surpass that of SSRI-compounds (see Table. 4). They differ in rapid detection of therapeutic effect, and the virtual absence of their effects on histamine, muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic receptors does SNRI drugs especially low-toxic and safe to use. Thus, the consistent introduction to the practice of psychiatry, different groups of antidepressants that developed at different stages of the pharmacotherapy of depression, indicates inexhaustible its capabilities and the need to improve by learning mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs and determine the prospects for their direct synthesis.

In the practice of psychiatry in the past ...

In the practice of psychiatrists over the past 20 years have gradually been introduced five drugs in this group of compounds - fluoxetine (Prozac, prodep) flyuvoksamin (Luvox), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil) and citalopram (tsipramil). antidepressants SSRI group is distinguished by low toxicity, rapidity of onset of therapeutic effect (3-7 days of treatment) and high overall therapeutic efficacy (in 64,3-100,0% of patients). Despite the frequency of side effects in treating cholinolytic drugs SSRI (from 40.9 to 78.7% of patients), they do not prevent the therapy. The experience of their use showed that, despite belonging to one group of chemical compounds, the spectrum of antidepressant activity of each of them has its own characteristics, which determine the preferential indications for their individual settings. Ambiguity their clinical action of antidepressants as probably related to the individual characteristics of carbocyclic compounds and radicals, supplementing the benzene ring, the underlying chemical structural formula preparations. The study of clinical properties of SSRI-antidepressants showed a fairly high percentage of significant improvement in depression (reduction depressive disorders for more than 50% of Hamilton depression scale) at the end of a course of treatment (see Table 2.), but found especially in the forms and the ratio of actual timolepticheskogo, sedative-anxiolytic and stimulating action of these components of antidepressants (see Table. 3 ). Personal antidepressant properties of each of the SSRI-drugs possible to determine the preemptive testimony to their destination when the main clinical types of endogenous depression, melancholy, anxiety and apathy, adynamic. The most "universal" treatment for different types of endogenous depression, both heavy and moderate gravity is Paxil, featuring a relatively uniform expression of all three components in the spectrum of psychotropic activity. In melancholic depression is the most effective Paxil (at 100% of patients). According to the "universality" of the clinical actions and a range of therapeutic activity of close to paksilu worth tsipramil. particularly high therapeutic effect, he found in patients with apathy, adynamic and anxious depression as severe or mild. Luvox have found a somewhat less pronounced therapeutic effect is approximately the same for different types of moderate depression, but some preferred indications in anxiety and melancholy of its type. The spectrum Zoloft antidepressant activity prevails sedative-anxiolytic action. The most effective when he was phobic anxiety-depression, but only mild to moderate severity. Prozac can be defined as a highly effective and least toxic among SSRI. primary indication for him are apatite-adynamic depression, but because of the high proper timoanalepticheskogo and anxiolytic effect of Prozac, is revealed only to the fourth week of treatment, and growing by the end of a course of treatment, when it advisable to appoint melancholic depression and anxiety mild to moderate severity, but with the addition of tranquilizers in the first 2-3 weeks of treatment to neutralize dominant stimulatory effect in the spectrum of its psychotropic activity and to avoid exacerbation of depression.

From "atypical" antidepressants ...

From the "atypical" antidepressants II generation to practice became widespread maprotiline (ludiomil) and viloksazin (vivalan, emovit), Mianserin (miansan, lerivon, tolvon), trazodone (trandin) , nomifenzin (Aliwal) opipramol (insidon, pramolan), domestic and pirazidol inkazan. Among antidepressants II generation in the subsequent widespread practice group received the antidepressant MAOI short-acting, non-selective (inkazan) or selectively blocking the monoamine oxidase type A (pirazidol, befol, karaksazon, moclobemide or auroriks). Typical properties for their mechanism of action is enhancement of serotonin and dopamine in the brain, blockade, like the TSA, the reuptake of norepinephrine and to a lesser extent - serotonin. Being reversible MAOIs, they are more safe when used as a antidepressants. In the spectrum of antidepressant activity of drugs moderate timoanalepticheskoe action combined with a strong activating and sedating than shown. The advantage of MAOI type A is the possibility of long-term use in the outpatient setting. They are small and antidepressants are most effective in shallow endogenous depression with atypical pattern and phenomena adynamia, anesthetic and asthenic symptoms. In the following, among the "small" antidepressant recognition of psychiatrists received tricyclic compounds tianeptine (coaxil, stablon). Unlike other drugs antiserotoninergicheskih it facilitates the reuptake of serotonin and does not noradrenergic and dopaminergic actions. timolepticheskim drug has a moderate and more pronounced anxiolytic effect, restores the disturbed sleep that causes the main indications for its administration at a shallow level of endogenous depression with somatovegetative, senesto algicheskimi-and anxiety-phobic disorders, and allows us to recommend taking it to 3-4 times a day, including in the evening, as well as in outpatient settings. Further search for effective antidepressant funds went towards the development of compounds that possess the property of selectivity neurochemical actions. So, with 80 years of XX century was the spread of a group of antidepressants, which united the property of selective serotonin effects on the exchange almost without affecting the noradrenergic processes. They are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI-drugs), are indicated as well as antidepressants III generation. neurochemical mechanisms of clinical action of this group of drugs have non-selective involvement of different types of serotonin receptors. In accordance with receptor theory of the formation of depressions they cause features of serotonergic drugs. Impact on 5-HT 1 receptor ensures proper timoanalepticheskoe and protivotrevozhnoe action of these drugs, and stimulation 5NT2 5NT3 and determines the presence and nature of their side effects.

Experience in the use of tricyclic ...

Experience of using tricyclic antidepressants and MAO inhibitors showed that in some cases (30%), they proved to be ineffective or to give expression to the side effects holinoliticheskogo properties, thus exacerbating the disease state patients. This, of course, requires broadening the arsenal of antidepressants and justified search optimally effective for individual indications timoanaleptikov. Therefore, starting with the 60-ies the attention of psychiatrists increasingly began to attract the newly synthesized compounds in the literature called the new "atypical" antidepressants, known as antidepressants II generation. They differed from previous chemical structure (mostly they were bi-and tetracyclic compounds) and mechanisms of action - not affected by the reuptake of monoamines. Comparison of results of treatment of endogenous depressions with different nosological diagnosis revealed a somewhat higher efficacy of tricyclic ("typical"), antidepressants, compared with "atypical" with clinically more severe depressive states. Therapeutic effect as "atypical" antidepressants was greatest at relatively shallow depressions - neurosis, adynamic (asthenic), senestoipohondricheskoy, psychopathic, and to a lesser extent by the classical endogenous depressive syndromes. This trend is confirmed by data on more effective "atypical" antidepressants, compared with "typical" for a relatively mild depression (in 73.5% patients vs. 39.0%), whereas in the treatment of heavy (detailed) of depression New antidepressants significantly inferior to a "typical (respectively 47.9 and 80.0% of patients therapeutically effective) (see Table 1.). It was also found that "atypical" antidepressants differ significantly and the spectrum of antidepressant action, in which the actual timoanaleptichesky component manifested to a lesser extent than stimulating (activating) and sedative (anxiolytic). Therefore, these drugs can not be uniquely attributed to any drugs, stimulants or drugs for sedation. The simultaneous combination of all three components of the impact on major depressive symptoms gave grounds for some authors speak of a "bipolar", or "balanced" action of some of them, which determined the preferred range for the treatment of depressive syndromes "atypical" antidepressants and caused particular method of their appointment - three times a day, including an evening reception. Therapeutic improvement of the manifestations of depression in the treatment of "atypical" antidepressants found much faster, on average 3-4 days for drugs, whereas when using large tricyclic antidepressants, distinct signs of improvement recorded in most cases by 6-7 day therapy. Despite the relatively high frequency of cholinolytic side effects (at an average of 21.2 and 16.2% of patients, respectively), the most severe of these (muscle weakness, dizziness, drowsiness, decreased blood pressure, urinary retention, acute confusion) is more often accompanied by therapy typical antidepressants.

Representatives of the antidepressant-sedatikov ...

Representatives of the antidepressant-sedatikov are amitriptyline trimipramin (syurmontil, gerfonal), doxepin (sinekvan). They have a high timoanalepticheskim which combines with a strong sedative and antitrevozhnym. Such a spectrum of antidepressant activity allows their use in different types of endogenous depressions varying severity. But especially these drugs are shown in anxiety and agitated depression, including sleep disorders. They do not cause exacerbation of psychotic symptoms, are assigned 2-3 times a day and also at night. Tricyclic antidepressants, stimulants - imipramine (Melipraminum) dibenzepin (Nover), desipramine (pertofran, petilil), clomipramine (anafranil, gidifen) - have the ability to eliminate the vital depressive affect and enhance inhibited ideatornoy and motor activity. At the same time, they can exacerbate the manifestations of anxiety, delusions and hallucinations enhance or induce sleep. Therefore, the main indication for their intended purpose are of different depths classic melancholic depression and lethargy. The above-mentioned drugs are recommended for use only twice a day (morning and afternoon) and not appointed by the evening and at night. Side effects of tricyclic antidepressants caused cholinolytic effect of exposure on the autonomic nervous system. These psychotropic drugs often complicate the treatment of endogenous depression, leading to its abolition. Tricyclic antidepressant compounds are antidepressants I generation, but amitriptyline and imipramine are used so far as reference for comparative study of psychotropic activity of new groups of antidepressants. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are also anti-depressants I generation, but are now being used is limited, since, having no advantages in strength timoanalepticheskoy activity before tricyclic antidepressants, stimulants, they possess a pronounced toxicity (with a toxic effect on the liver) and the property cause an incompatibility reaction with a number of drugs (ephedrine, epinephrine, mezaton, morphine, reserpine) and food (cheese, tomatoes, beans, meats, meat, yeast, herring, cream, beer, wine) until death. Most widely used in psychiatry have Nialamide (nuredal) indopan, traniltsipronil (transamin), phenelzine (Nardil). In the spectrum of psychotropic activity timoanaleptichesky effect introduced sparingly and combined with a strong stimulant. The main indications for appointment may be inhibited and the adynamic depression, including those resistant to other forms of antidepressant therapy. They lead to an exacerbation of psychotic symptoms. Unacceptable combination of MAOIs with each other, with tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants with stimulants. In the transition to therapy incompatible drugs before and after the appointment of MAOIs required treatment interruption for at least two weeks.

The clinical picture of endogenous ...

The clinical picture of endogenous depression diverse as the manifestations of gravity, and on the structure of psychopathology, but the primary to endogenous depression is the presence of so-called triad of depressive disorders - symptoms of emotional, motor and ideatornoy inhibition, which include diffuse feelings of sadness, depression, despair , anxiety, accompanied by a number of distressing bodily sensations (vitality) and daily fluctuations in the intensity of symptoms. Ideological motor retardation combined with depressive monoideizmom ("crush of thoughts"), delayed the formation of associations, as well as temporary loss of familiar consumer and professional skills and a violation of social work adaptation. Characterized as painfully experienced a sense of insensitivity, the initial feelings of guilt with ruthlessly low moral evaluation itself, until the delusions of guilt and ideas self-incrimination, as well as a high risk of suicidal behavior. These symptoms constitute the content of classical melancholic (depressed, inhibited) depression. Depending on the dominance of certain disorders produce different variants of endogenous depression: sad, alarming, anesthetic, inhibited, adynamic, dysphoric, etc. Its basic types of sad, alarming and adynamic depression. The main method of treatment of endogenous depression is pharmacotherapy. Since the late 50-ies of XX century was the beginning of the synthesis of anti-depressants (timoanaleptikov) - psychotropic drugs, the main feature being the ability to work on low mood, eliminate depression and increase the vital psychomotor activity of depressed patients. The spectrum of psychotropic activity of antidepressants include, but are actually a common antidepressant action, as a sedative (or anxiolytic) and / or stimulating (activating) effects, which in the aggregate, and determine the features of the therapeutic activity of each of antidepressant drugs, subdividing them, respectively, on anti-depressants, and antidepressants-sedatiki stimulants. Directed synthesis of antidepressants from the outset has been associated with the idea of ??involvement of biogenic amines and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of endogenous depression. Among them, the main importance is attached to metabolic disorders and deficits in the synapses of brain norepinephrine and serotonin. Tricyclic chemical structure antidepressants (TCA), synthesized among the first representatives of this class of compounds, the most widespread in psychiatric practice and today is traditionally considered as basic in antidepressant therapy. The therapeutic effect of tricyclic antidepressants is associated with their ability to potentiate the effects of norepinephrine and serotonin, activate noradrenergic and serotonergic processes, compensating for the lack of these monoamines. TCA antidepressants are large and are subdivided into-sedatiki antidepressants and antidepressants, stimulants.

This should spur the modern ...

This should spur modern researchers working in the field of social psychology in the development and scientific investigation of this matter. References 1. Craig G., Bocoum D. Developmental Psychology. - 9 th ed. - St.: Peter, 2004. - 940.: Ill. - (Series "Masters of Psychology") 2. Burns SI Russian Dictionary. Third Edition / under the general editorship of Academician SP Obnorskii. Moscow: State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries. - 1953. - 848 sec. 3. Olshansky, DV Psychology of the masses. - St. Petersburg: Piter, 2001. - 368. - (Series "Masters of Psychology). 4. Myers D. Social Psychology. 6 th ed., Revised. and add. - St.: Peter, 2003. - 752.: Ill. - (Series "Masters of Psychology). 5. Social Psychology / S. Taylor, L. Peeple, D. Sears. - 10 ed. - St.: Peter, 2004. - 767.: Ill. - (Series "Masters of Psychology). 6. Timothy Leary. History of the Future. Translated from English. - K.: "Janus", 2001. - 304 pp. 7. Philosophical Dictionary. Ed. MM Rosenthal and PF Yudin. (Ed. 2-e, Corr. And add.). M., Politizdat, 1968. 432 pp. 8. Firsov, MV, Shapiro, B. Yu Psychology of Social Work: Content and methods of psycho-social practice: A Textbook. allowance for students. Higher. Textbook. institutions. - Moscow: Publishing Center of the Academy Award for 2002 with. - 192.

Current approaches to pharmacotherapy of endogenous depression

Profiles. G. Panteleeva Mental Health Research Center RAMS, Moscow Depression is the most widely-nym mental disorder. According to different authors, from 5 to 15% of Russia's population suffer from depression, and their frequency increases since the early 60's, over the next 30 years, has risen almost 10-fold (data from WHO, 1993). In this case, from 4,6 to 7,4% this pathology accounts for the so-called endogenous depression. Table 1>>>

RELATIONSHIP positive effect of "atypical" antidepressants with syndromal characteristics of the state (% of patients) Table 2>>>

HIGHLIGHTS therapeutic action of antidepressants of different groups of Table 3>>>

frequency of "common" and "significant" EFFECT antidepressants of different groups with uchetop such as depression,% of patients Table 4>>>

META - ANALYSIS OF RESULTS double-blind comparative study of milnacipran with TCA - and SSRI - drugs (by rating scales for depression) Endogenous depression represents a pathological symptom presented by depressed mood. In origin, it was not linked to any external factors (situational, psychogenic) or with physical and organic diseases, and there is autochthonous, as a result of violations of the neuro-psychological processes in the brain. Endogenous depression in the national taxonomy of mental illness is not an independent nosological, although the disease can fully manifest only in the doldrums. It is always a manifestation of endogenous disease. Depressive syndrome is one of the major disorders in manic-depressive psychosis, but may occur in schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis.

In the socio-psychological development ...

In the socio-psychological development of people in this area plays a major role the development of such norms as social responsibility, social reciprocity and social justice "[5. - S. 554-559]. The first step in this direction is to counter the natural predisposition in favor of "their" group by expanding the circle of people whose well-being worries man [4. - S. 613]. The phenomenon of charitable interests of its connection with the notion of altruism, having the distant past in the history of philosophy. Altruism is considered as an absolute concept and expresses selfless work against their own interests [7. - S. 12]. From the psychological side of debates about the possibility of the phenomenon of altruism does not subside until now. Their main reason is that, apparently, is not possible to fully prove whether a particular activity altruistic. This is because that is hidden from direct observation of a large part of the processes of the human psyche, which determines its activity. So evolutionary psychology, says that from an evolutionary point of view in any act of man can find a selfish roots [1. - S. 91]. Is blagotvoritelskaya altruistic activities? On the one hand, yes, because it is objectively disinterested, and people who donate money to charities or directly involved in the reports that aid to the needy, do not wait for that material gains. (Of course, this statement does not apply to those who are using the charity is trying to evade taxes). On the other side of charity can not be called altruistic with respect to the majority of the victims or working in charitable organizations, so as not to say that they have absolutely not considered as to their interests. So, those people whose financial situation allows you to donate more funds are unlikely to not correlate the bag donations from their income and their needs. Or very few people engaged in the work of charitable organizations, seven days a week throughout adult life. Another socio-psychological question that arises when considering the context of charity with altruism, is the motive in the choice of which is blagotvoritelskaya activities (eg, fighting poverty in a particular country or combating the spread of AIDS around the world). What are the determinants defined by one or another choice? The answer to this question is also hidden in the depths of the human psyche. Great interest to the social psychology of personality may be, and the question of what effect blagotvoritelskaya activities of the person who engaged in it. The Church has long used the donations not only as a means of livelihood, but also as a means of psychological support by donating. In Protestantism charity is given almost no function of redemption. For all the importance and significance of the issue of charity you can say that this problem has not been developed in contemporary social psychology.

So in today's society there are ...

So in today's society there are two global areas of concern in which conduct their activities the overwhelming majority of charitable organizations: poverty and health. However, these areas of concern in different ways are in the attention. Poverty and disease as differently distributed in different countries and peoples. Therefore, often, charities guide its activities in specific geographic areas of concern, where the struggle is carried out with specific problems (for example, malnutrition in the poorest countries in Africa). From its very inception it was this narrow focus has been the hallmark of philanthropic organizations [8. - S. 127]. However, in recent years, the world possesses the charitable organization, the scope of which expanded and not so narrow. The most common such extension occurs at the expense of erasing geographical boundaries. Apparently it is a natural process in the context of globalization. In addition, this process can talk about a change in public opinion focus on particular problems to the overall perspective of any issue. Thanks to this modern society gets the task and at the same time an opportunity to address global issues of humanity to a higher, more productive level. Due to the development of socio-psychological knowledge, as well as on the basis of social work practice that is effective to teach a person to solve the problem than to solve it per person. Therefore, we can observe at this point a gradual change of form of charitable activity with predominantly humanitarian in mostly from developing, which today is the deployment of a set of social and psychological programs that were previously only under the auspices of the state. This suggests that the social consciousness rises to a new higher level in this matter. In the near future will be a topical issue of creating a single focal point for charity. The second level of the phenomenon blagotvoritelskogo movement is the level of socio-psychological issues as the development of society and the development of human consciousness and parallel to it. So increasing the number of people involved in charity work suggests that in a society growing number of people with prosocial orientation of consciousness. It shows how changing social interests of humanity. Since the charity may engage in either affluent or those who feel it to your life, improve the general welfare and the preaching of humanist and socialist ideals in the population will inevitably lead to increased opportunities for charitable organizations through financial contributions and the increase of human resources. Such a development is inevitable in the opinion of Dr. Timothy Leary [6. - S. 71, 139] and it corresponds to a socialist system of government. Since the development of socialism in the most productive in a democracy (for example, Sweden, Canada and some other countries), the Russian society with specific focus on the development of democracy, the general welfare, and humanity is on the right path, even though today is only its beginning.

With the change in attitude to charity ...

With the change in attitude to philanthropy in the state changed the extent and quality of coverage of this issue. However, this problem has not developed any foreign or domestic social psychology. Study of socio-psychological essence of charity will give new possibilities for studying the psychological and social processes in society. If the question prosocial behavior and altruistic actions in everyday life are widely covered in the "practical" foreign, especially American social psychology, here's a more specific question of charity has not been studied to date, neither theoretical nor a practical level. Charity can be regarded as the activities of private individuals to provide non-reimbursable financial assistance to indigent or organizations involved in finding solutions to pressing contemporary problems, including poverty. In the Soviet Union, this concept had negative connotations and is seen as a means of masking the exploitative nature of the bourgeoisie [2. - S. 41]. Now relevant to blagotvoritelskoy activity has changed. Apparently, this is due to changes in the political structure of Russia, changes in social values, development of social consciousness and change the minds of certain people. In this case, charity is a kind of map or natural symptom of modern society and this determines the need for careful attention to her as a social and a psychological phenomenon. Within the social psychology phenomenon of philanthropy can be considered as a movement, ie as an organized structure in the psyche of people that reflect the basic problems of society and whose aim is unselfish help in solving these problems. This definition comes from the more general definition of the motion Olshanski [3. - S. 332]. Based on this definition, charitable movement different from the others in that they do not have a material benefit to its participants. Modern philanthropy can be seen just as a movement, because it is part of organized structures (foundations, organizations), and even those who simply want to allocate money to a charity for that interact with these structures. It is structured assistance distinguishes charity from the charity. In this case the charity movement can be viewed at two levels. The first level are the individual movement as such, having a front to combat a specific problem in a particular social structure (such as the International Fund for AIDS). The second level is the phenomenon of charity movement as a map of community development and public awareness. The first level shows what issues are relevant to the present. The list of areas of activities of charitable foundations and organizations can be judged from the presence of any acute standing issue whose resolution is only possible through the joint efforts of the majority of the population, and requires substantial investment.

This story illustrates well ...

This story illustrates well the state is obsessed with losing weight girls, after one or two years after the loss of your diet. They look much depleted, vivacity and good mood is replaced by lethargy and apathy, there is disturbing sleep, nervousness, disturbed attention, memory weakens. Suffers posture, plastic movements, patients hump. Appear breach of the heart, palpitations, or slowing of heart rate, always low blood pressure, pathology gastro - intestinal tract, painful constipation. The most terrible defeat of the internal organs. Develop anemia, degenerative changes, the deletion of the internal organs, "starving" the brain and endocrine glands. Typical is the appearance of vellus hair all over his body. Mental attitude of patients leads to a decrease in production of female hormones, resulting in menstruation become scarce, and then stopped altogether. This usually is the reason for treatment to a gynecologist. The consequences of these violations can be severe, up to infertility. Due to the fact that girls are quite adequately judge its condition and continue to stubbornly conceal the real motives behind their actions, misleading parents and doctors, they have long treated by general practitioners, endocrinologists and other specialists. Relatives do not suspect that the reason their child is suffering mental disorders. Unfortunately, psychologists in such cases, help can no longer requires a deeper correction and serious treatment from a therapist or psychiatrist. In advanced cases, patients must be hospitalized due to a sharp (more than 40% of initial body weight) emaciation. Expressed is not critical, and a violation of adolescents, a categorical refusal to supply can be life threatening. In cases of extreme exhaustion for the salvation of patients require hospitalization and forced feeding. Psychotropic drugs - tranquilizers or antidepressants - provide only short-term effect. Therefore, it is extremely important as soon as possible at an earlier stage to seek qualified help. Psychotherapists as the main methods of treatment using family therapy, individual psychoanalysis, behavioral therapy, hypnosis. To eliminate the unpleasant inner feelings using autogenic training Treatment should be comprehensive and only under medical supervision. Write to the consultation the therapist made by phone (977-08-97) or in the reception of scientific and industrial honey. Center "CARS" (m-Timiryazevskaya Dmitrovskoye w, 21 A) Therapist Eugene Gavrilov Kirillovna

Socio-psychological nature of philanthropy

Conoco Andrei V., G. Essetuki, Kuzmichme@mail.ru student of psychology PF RSCU, Pyatigorsk, Kirov 26. Telesnoorientirovanny therapist. Place of work: Essentuki psihonevrologisesky Dispensary Distribution of charitable activities in modern society creates a need for its study in social psychology.

Primitive methods gipnozopodobnoy ...

The deep stage of hypnosis may well be used for analgesia during dental procedures. For example, in Austria, even there is an association of dentists that use hypnosis for anesthesia. - Not bad for a hypnosis for health? E.Sh. This question can be asked with respect to any treatment - whether it be surgery, antibiotic therapy, vaccine therapy, etc. The whole point is who and to what end uses of hypnosis. To use hypnosis for the benefit of the patient and to avoid complications, the physician must be experienced diagnostician in various fields of medicine. Referring to a doctor who offers treatment hypnosis, do not hesitate to find out his qualifications, make sure that you have come to an experienced technician. Adverse effects of hypnosis usually arise in the delusional symptoms, and delusions of persecution (that happens in schizophrenia), some forms of psychopathology (especially from a moral and social degradation), severe epilepsy. The therapist must be careful with the development with the so-called "gipnomanii", ie a hysterical need for more and more new sessions of hypnosis. - What is catalepsy, what is the nature of this phenomenon? E.Sh. Catalepsy - a sharp change in tone of muscles in the deep hypnosis in the form of waxy flexibility, or in excess of hardness. This is done in the third stage of hypnosis, which in medical practice is not used because of possible negative consequences. Somnambulism, catalepsy show "hypnotists" on stage, as a stunt, but as far as this show is ethical, a separate issue. - What percentage of people susceptible to hypnosis? What type of person more quickly and easily falls into a hypnotic state? E.Sh. Almost every physically and mentally healthy person, if he is confident in the safety and usefulness of hypnosis, can be introduced into this state. Of course, if the person demonstrates skepticism, or check yourself mentally keeps saying "no sleep, no sleep, then he is not asleep. - Can you hypnotize a person against his will? Can a person get out of self-hypnotic sleep? E.Sh. A small percentage of psychologically weak people (3-5%) with increased suggestibility may be against their will for some time, not so mesmerized by how "shocked, confused, lack of critical appraisal and assessment of the situation (for example, strong fear, sudden shock under influence of alcohol, etc.). Primitive methods gipnozopodobnoy surprise, terror, unceremoniously enjoy all sorts of fortune-tellers, gypsies and con artists, lure of money and valuables. In terms of what the doctor to call a long and deep hypnosis (for medicinal purposes), even skeptical, they are great. It's all about the ability to doctor and his arsenal of techniques. And if the doctor for some reason did not bring a patient out of hypnosis, it is after some time yourself out, just like waking up after the usual bedtime.

St. Garden-Karetnaya, 20 / 6, Building 2. 209-98-80, 209-94-20

www.mpci.ru

This uncompromising struggle against ...

This uncompromising struggle against "overweight" is carefully concealed from others, attempts to create a semblance of normal supply, expressed in that part of the meal is shifted from their plates to their neighbors on the table, supposedly eaten pieces hidden in his pockets, and then discarded. At first, when losing weight to expectations, the mood down to euphoria. Girls feel toned, active and claim "extraordinary lightness" throughout the body. Increased self-esteem, they are lively, outgoing, do not feel tired. Undernourished people overlooked the inevitable negative aspects of their condition: flaky skin, thinning, brittle nails and hair, abnormal paleness, "hungry smell" out of his mouth, fast-paced dental caries. Weight loss during this period is 5-10% of the original. When parents notice that all these phenomena, starting Scandals, quarrels about feedings, ultimatums and tears. In response to the same girl more persistently observe the "post", deceiving friends and deceived themselves as fully convinced of the need for "a little more to lose weight." After the meal, or even only on the type, the smell of food they feel discomfort in the stomach, they complain about rumbling, bloating, pain, heartburn, belching, feeling of fullness that are really subjective feeling. In part, these symptoms may contain a physical basis, evolving as a result of gastritis, pathology, intestine, pancreas, biliary dyskinesia as a result of unreasonable starvation. These complaints patients often placing families and physicians as evidence that "the body can not take food, are themselves truly believe in what has been said. Gradually, the feeling of hunger completely disappears. They no longer control their behavior and needs and a very dangerous brink, requiring immediate action to psychocorrection and restorative therapy. Quite often a pathological refusal to eat is combined with bouts of "binge". Irrepressible hunger makes shopping and visual load. Preparing dinner, they experience great pleasure, licking leftover food with knives and spoons. Such patients typically "stuff" close, younger brothers and sisters. Patients go hungry all day, constantly thinking about food, imagining all the nuances of the upcoming meal at the same time, at least twice a week they arise attacks "binge", when patients can immediately swallow a huge number of high-calorific food without chewing and sense of taste. Feeling of satiety is virtually absent. Friends and acquaintances are not even aware of similar episodes in their lives. Thoughts about eating becomes compulsive and completely define the whole way of life, pushing into the background study, work, friends, hobbies. This disorder is called bulimia and often accompanies anorexia nervosa. Princess Nesmeyana our time. All of us in childhood sympathized with the unfortunate princess, which "melted like a candle in her eyes" and no one could have her laugh.

There are even methods of teaching in a dream ...

There is a tactile hypnosis, when a doctor during a trance touches the patient. currently widely used Erickson's hypnosis, in which the method of feedback, ie when the doctor-patient relationship is a dialogue. Some specialists use a gradual or immediate hypnotization contrary. In some cases, apply farmakogipnoz when the patient is given a sedative. - What is hypnosis different from the natural sleep? Can I use a natural sleep as hypnosis for therapeutic purposes? E.Sh. Natural sleep - the result of a genetically determined specific process in the brain, giving him an opportunity in the daily biorhythms (night-day) for 7-9 hours to suspend its active wakefulness, rest, dive into the original state of inhibition. At this time, despite the visible, external unconsciousness, brain, usually works, but in a different form than during the day. Sleep, circadian biorhythms obey, animals, birds, insects and even plants. In humans during natural sleep, the brain is able to perceive different kinds of information. Think of light sleep nursing mother, waking at the slightest perturbation of the infant. There are even methods of teaching during sleep (eg, language). Some of psychophysiology and therapists suggest the possibility to carry out even therapeutic suggestion in the sleeper. Hypnotic sleep is caused by using special techniques, manipulations, its duration and depth are created from the outside, it can be called at any time of day. Suggestibility in hypnosis is much higher than normal sleep. Self-regulating processes proceed differently. This particular condition, and is used by doctors for treatment, and "hypnotists" to demonstrate his power over man. - When conventional medicine uses hypnosis for therapeutic purposes? E.Sh. Many will be surprised, but with the help of hypnosis (better if it is combined with medication, refleksoterapevticheskimi, physiotherapy and other treatments) can successfully contend not only with many neuro-psychiatric diseases, and diseases of internal organs. This is especially true of neurohumoral disorders and psychosomatic regulation. in Europe, the USA, Japan, this therapeutic approach effectively works at 60 - 70% of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, bronchopulmonary, endocrine, skin and other diseases. Traditionally, psychopathy has a good effect on diseases, which are based on psychological strain, stress, internal emotional conflicts. Also, it can be a pain in the joints, spine, gastrointestinal ulcers, colitis, heart arrhythmia, allergy, atopic dermatitis, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction. Therapeutic hypnosis removes the underlying subconscious "complexes", activates the body's defenses, mobilizes its internal self-regulatory provisions. It is important not to lose time to functional disorders did not escalate into organic. The main feature of modern hypnosis is it going beyond psychiatry and its introduction into general medicine. - Can be used hypnosis in dental practice? If so, why not apply? E.Sh.

Anorexia nervosa is often referred ...

Anorexia nervosa are often called "the disease of an excellent pupil". Part of teenagers dominate demonstrative character traits with high self-esteem, even some self-interest, they require constant attention and recognition from others. Many early childhood marked lowered vitality and loss of appetite, moodiness when feeding, hysterical reaction. Another type of girls is characterized by increased shyness, natural shyness, negative attitudes toward friendship with the boys. However, anorexia nervosa develops not only in young girls, but after twenty years, when the ratio of their appearance remains overvalued, and as a social identity has not been fully implemented, infantile. "How to Be," "Blessed," the love? The disorder begins is not noticeable. The initial period may last from three months to two years. Increased interest and dissatisfaction with the figure gradually develops into a deep not correctable, often false, the conviction of excessive fullness in comparison with the chosen "ideal". This disparity desirable and indeed becomes a source of constant anxiety, occupies an increasingly prominent place in your thoughts and feelings. Starting with the selectivity of food, exclusion, high-calorie foods, fans harmony gradually reduce the amount eaten, then tighten the diet, ignoring even the whites or eat mostly lacto-vegetarian diet. Subsequently the whole of their diet are only juices and mineral water, with pleasure consume fruits. In addition, the active practice of physical exercise: aerobics, shaping, jogging, swimming, doing everything standing, a lot of walk. Trying to reduce sleep, tightening the waist belts or cords so that the food "is slowly absorbed. Self-restraint in eating is achieved persistent struggle with hunger, because, in fact, reduce appetite they have. Though they strongly disguise his obsession, and never admit that hungry or not satisfied with the appearance. In this note a bad mood, irritability, tearfulness. Internally condemn yourself for each eaten a bite. Trying to compensate for their "mistake" ever increasing physical activity. As a result of emotional exhaustion, leaving behind the physical peaks, leading to severe depression. Pets often treat it as a "transitional age", "Blessed," love or do not pay attention, assuming that everything goes by itself. Teens also are looking more and more sophisticated methods of weight loss: use laxatives, enemas, medications that reduce appetite, diuretics, stimulants, many are beginning to smoke, drink large quantities of coffee. After the family feasts there continued a painful sense of guilt, depression, girls are severely condemned himself for "weakness." To get rid of eaten deliberately cause themselves vomit. In the beginning, accompanied by discomfort, then it becomes involuntary. Patients call it "spitting", they say that it brings relief.

Models, actors, athletes, leading ...

Models, actors, athletes, leading always talking about how the inherent harmony of the criteria for success and the steps to the recognition and affirmation. Set of adolescent girls dream come closer to this elusive standard of beauty, exhausting themselves diets, exercises in fitness clubs, beauty treatments. Unfortunately, the media and public opinion not only dictates the fashion in clothes and accessories, but also on the disease. Conscious refusal of food, in order to lose weight, is known in the medical world as anorexia nervosa. A growing number of victims of the disease in the United States, Europe, and now in Russia in the millions, it is practically an epidemic. According to Western psychiatrists mortality from this disease (if untreated) is over 20%! In other words, patients simply die from exhaustion! The worst thing in this situation, the girls usually do not think their behavior is painful, explaining his "psychologically understandable" motives fix their own, often imaginary, of completeness. In advanced cases, "supporters of harmony" are no longer able to control their eating instincts, and then requires serious medical attention. Who gets into the "trap" own illusions? According to domestic authors, anorexia nervosa suffer 4% of girls aged 14 to 20 years. In men, such disorders are rare. In adolescence, the issue looks extremely urgent, more attention to their appearance, peer ridicule, reckless remarks authoritative for those girls, especially my father or brothers, not the correct expression of envious friends can play a fatal role in the development of the nervous anorexia. This happens usually in the social and highly successful families belonging to middle and higher strata of society. By "risk" refers to a family where there is a "cult of food, or the opposite approach to nutrition. When a lot of talk about the need to limit yourself to food, "not to gain weight." Often mothers themselves suffer from their own "not perfect" and use a variety of trendy diets and worship throughout the cream. It is noted that in such families are overbearing mother, a determined nature and tend to suppress the father, even to discredit him in the eyes of children and others. In other cases, parents are emotionally cold with children, suspended, absorbed in their problems, do not give the expected girl emotional response, approval, endorsement, although formally mother and daughter - "best friends". It is assumed that conscientious objection teenager to eat - no more than a protest reaction against the despotism of the mother and not enough attention and warmth from their parents. As a rule, parents are placing greater demands on children, artificially loading them with various "useful and prestigious" occupations (foreign languages, music, ballroom dancing). From early childhood, these children carry a heavy burden of responsibility are in a constant state of inner tension. Girls who join the ranks of patients with anorexia nervosa differed from their peers high aspirations, perseverance, and punctuality, suspiciousness, excessive demands on himself.

Frequently used auditory hypnosis ...

How did the psychiatrist treats? Taktikalecheniya, of course, depends on the type of pathology and state patsienta.Esli it is aggressive, dangerous to themselves or others, naznachayutsyalekarstvennye drugs and treatments. Subsequently, at etaperemissii, widely used methods of psychotherapy and psychological correction. Anytime, from case to be afraid or ashamed of the treatment to that doctor is not needed. Where can I find a qualified psychologist, psychotherapist, psychiatrist? Firstly, you can contact the district hospital, while boleesereznyh problems - to a mental hospital for mestuzhitelstva. A number of problems not related to alcoholism and drug addiction can be resolved by contacting our center. Another way - this treatment in private medical institutions. Izostavshihsya two professions in our country the right to privacy praktikuimeyut only psychotherapists. Such a physician must bytdiplom on vocational education, certificate Министерстваздравоохранения for the right to medical services, and takzhespetsialnaya license to conduct private practice.

Olga DEMIN

Secrets of hypnosis.

Questions answered by RANS, MD, a physician-therapist medical-psychological center of Personality Evgeny Shaposhnikov. - What is Hypnosis from the viewpoint of conventional medicine? E.Sh. Hypnosis - is a kind of artificially induced snopodobnoe state with a different depth of dormancy. Nature of the processes in the brain (psycho-physiological, biochemical, cell-molekulchrnyh) in hypnotic state is still not fully disclosed. State of hypnosis can be adjusted by a specialist engaged in conversation, both on stage and duration. There are three stages. The first stage - a simple neyroemotsionalnoe and muscle relaxation. The second stage of a drowsy state, when the patient sees only what it says doctor. The third stage is a deep trance, or so-called state of somnambulism. Somnambulism subject a little more than 5% of people, most of the same hypnosis can reach only the second stage - a nap. With this particular dream, the patient even though disabled, but is active as a person, his brain is working hard. And if the suggestion is in conflict with his moral principles, ethical norms - he wakes up. - How to enter into a hypnotic state? E.Sh. Now there are many hypnotic techniques. In the classical, the policy hypnosis use visual and auditory inputs in brain activity. When the visual hypnosis can be used a brilliant ball, to which the patient long stare, and finally is beginning to fall into a drowsy state. Frequently used auditory hypnosis, the use of "soothing music, rhythmic tapping metronome, monotonous monologue doctor pronouncing medical" units "," moods ". Can be used a combination of both. In recent years, hypnotic techniques in foreign clinics has become very complex, even sophisticated. I have proposed a method for the simultaneous use of hypnosis and acupuncture (acupuncture hypnosis).

http://www.umka.ru/liter/stishki.html ...

Http://www.umka.ru/liter/stishki.html From creativity to the author, who calls herself umka DROMOMANIYA (one of the poems in this series): I live while running - otherwise I can not. I live until I fly - I would not otherwise want. Able to drive - all adversities to n.. Hole. If I stop - Like a snowflake, melted. Prosvischu in turn, whole stash prosazhu, as comets amongst the stars, the sky dissolved by the tail. Evil fortune fugitive - without beginning or end. "When dromomanii, ie attraction to vagrancy, the patient occasionally occurs anxious, dysphoric state, against which manifests an irrepressible desire to change places. Initially, as for every attraction, the patient tries to suppress this desire arises, but it is becoming more and more dominant, irresistible, and finally reaches the point that patients suffering from them, not thinking about the fight, committed to the implementation of desire, often even while working, he tosses it and goes to the nearest railway station, marina, often without a penny of money, nobody warned, sits on the train, boat and go where eyes look. The trip usually lasts several days. The patient at this time poorly nourished, are poor, but nonetheless goes, changing places. And then it all goes, there comes a state of ease, mental relaxation. such patients were half-starved, dirty, worn back in the community by the police or were difficult to get back. Occurs, sometimes very brief, lucid interval, and then, after some time. on the nature of the circulars, appears again and again dysphoric state stereotypical similarities repeats the old drive. "(Lecture AV Snezhnevsky" Questions of Epileptology and Psychiatry »http://psychosphera.boom.ru/Snez/mnesis.htm Read More by this author here: to steal - so the boat? (larceny: the behavioral dependence) http://www.medlinks.rurticle.php?sid=21640 oniomania: a passion to fly http://www.medlinks.rurticle.php?sid=21076 workaholism: work - the drug and the tyranny of debt http://www.medlinks.rurticle.php?sid=20719 Adrenalinomaniya http://www.medlinks.rurticle.php?sid=20229 Dependence of gambling http://www.medlinks.rurticle . php? sid = 20528 Tackling gaming addiction http://www.medlinks.rurticle.php?sid=19908 Television - the online drug http://www.medlinks.rurticle.php?sid=18454 What brought the horse? (prevention drug abuse in schools) http://www.medlinks.rurticle.php?sid=18396 soul captive of my desires (Psychology dependencies) http://www.medlinks.rurticle.php?sid=13305

The path to the podium strewn with corpses?

It has become customary that on the pages of glamorous magazines, on TV in fashion shows, advertisements, we always see the "ideal images" of global and domestic show-business stars, public figures and cultivate in our minds the peculiar standards of feminine beauty . The idea of ??her in the second half of XX century have evolved from a fragile, airy, graceful feminine figures to clumsy version of "teenage girl" at the beginning of this century.

The first called you an expert ...

What experts will help you cope with them? Says MD, a psychiatrist vyssheykategorii, Senior Researcher Research Center psihicheskogozdorovya Medical Sciences in Moscow, Igor V. Oleychik. There are many medical specialties with the prefix "psycho": psychoneurology, psychologists, therapists, psychiatrists. The first called you an expert - neuropsychiatrist - usually zanimaetsyadetskim health. This is not a profession but a post which mozhetzanimat as a neurologist and psychiatrist. The doctor called pomogatdetyam and adolescents who are faced with various mental ipsihologicheskimi problems. Psychologist - a specialist bezmeditsinskogo education, usually a graduate of psychological fakultetkakogo any university. The scope of its activities depends on the specialization. Thus, the clinical pathopsychology explores various lichnostnyhharakteristik - thinking, memory, emotions, intellect. These svedeniyamogut help psychiatrist in the formulation and refinement of the diagnosis. Neyropsihologvyyasnyaet whether there is something organic, local violations vrazlichnyh regions of the brain the patient, what is their nature. Etispetsialisty usually participate in the work of neurosurgeons, neurologists, oncologists, gerontopsychology. Child psychologist and psychologist-pedagogpomogayut children and adolescents cope with the various problems encountered in the process of schooling. Psychiatrist and psychotherapist - is doctors who are treating patients. What are the differences between a psychotherapist and a psychiatrist? Psychotherapist, as a rule, is engaged in border disease. Etoneglubokie depression, seasonal mood disorder, sotsialnayafobiya, psychopathy. In its work, the doctor uses metodypsihoterapii, that is, the impact on the psyche without the aid of drugs. A prineobhodimosti he may designate, and medication. Psihiatrspetsializiruetsya in the treatment of acute arisen, it is difficult current ilihronicheskoy pathology. He is addressed when a simptomovshizofrenii, manic-depressive psychosis, severe variantovepilepsii, with postpartum psychosis, various phobias, manic-depressive states, severe obsessions, stoykihnarusheniyah sleep. It can also help with stuttering, mental retardation, speech disorders and academic maladjustment. Psychiatrist narkologzanimaetsya treatment of alcoholism, substance abuse. Sferadeyatelnosti this specialist is wide enough, as they krugprimenyaemyh methods. By the way, about the methods. At the mention opsihiatricheskom treatment immediately reminded of the history of electric shock, injections of medications, paralyzing consciousness. Indeed, odeyatelnosti psychiatrists, there are many many different myths. Nasamom really the same as lobotomy, that is, electroconvulsive therapy, uzhedavno banned in our country. Worldwide, it is used postrogim, "life" readings, when the patient's life ugrozhaetneposredstvennaya danger. In addition, we now have drugs tselymarsenalom latest generation of fast normalizuyuschihsostoyanie patients with minimum side effects.

Unmet needs ...

Unmet need for family support, understanding of parental warmth and attention do these children are very trusting. Just enjoy it and pedophiles to lure into their network. When you were with his son or daughter in the theater, sports event? Do you go on camping trips to interesting places around your city? Remember, how often do you go with your child in a movie or amusement park? Maybe you were driving with their children somewhere to relax? Give you the choice to his son or daughter to choose the sports section, a studio or a club with the same interests? If - no! Look for opportunities to do so and do not shelve for realization. This is a good alternative to the desires to run away from home in search of thrills. Fourth root feeding behavioral addictions to run away from home, wandering, aimlessly traveling - the hardness of Parents often punish their child just like that, "prevention" to continue nepovadno was to disobey, just in case. The child begins to believe that the family did not realize that it is not love. He begins to look for people who might listen to him and protect. And if you tear the anger and dissatisfaction with their lives on their own child on a regular basis, the child runs away, leaving from unjust punishment, protesting against the arbitrary manner, or to forget. By cruel parents the children themselves are not returned almost never. They leave, in order to avoid punishment, but know that when they return, will be even worse. Therefore, even if the child is to blame, do not aspire to punish him severely primarily with him have to talk quietly and find the cause of delinquency. Be fair to the child, take care of him, try to solve all problems, and then he would not need to run. Dromomaniya (fugue, vagobandazh) recurring uncontrollable desire to change places, wanderings, vagrancy. Syndrome care and vagrancy, and found in certain diseases (schizophrenia, epilepsy), but is more often observed in the neuroses, psychopathy, violations of human development. The dynamics of this syndrome, there is some phasing. First, the reactive phase is expressed situationally conditioned, and mentally clear care. The second stage is characterized by the familiar, fixed departure, the emergence of such departures also explain the elevated pathological inclinations. At the third stage of care and vagrancy are insurmountable, impulsive (Smith, 1972). In some cases it is possible to identify organic matter in the temporal lobes of the brain (data rezonanstnoy magnetic imaging of brain structures). Example route rights, hugs dromomaniey: 1986 - 2004, July 27, 1987, Zagorsk, the end of July 1994, Budapest, May 1, 1995, Zagreb, September 94, Gurzuf, August 27, 1995, train Crimea to Moscow, 1-3 August 1995, the route Crimea-Moscow, mid April 1997, the route Riga-Moscow, July 22, 1987, Simeiz, July 27, 1997, at Zaporozhye, March 31, 1998, Route Krasnodar Temryuk, 24-25 May 1998, at Sudak, 26 May 1998, the route of Crimea , Krasnodar, May 27, 1998, Krasnodar-Rostov highway, 24 June 2000 In general, on the way to the Great Luke, the village called Old Toropov, a town on the other side of the road - Toropets), quite oshizev, half asleep in the final bus on the way to the village Sorokin, leaving the Great Bow, at the train station): LETO, 2000, MOSCOW, 2001,27 Feb. 2003, Voronezh, Winter 97, the train Moscow - Tallinn (start and end) of 16/17 in March 2003, a train of Sevastopol - Moscow ( middle), June 7, 2003, train Kiev - Warsaw, June 22, 2003, Amsterdam, 22 September 2003, the route of Sevastopol - Simferopol, October 9, 2003, train Moscow - Perm, February 17, 2004, Route Kherson - Odessa, March 3, 2004, train H-SC - Moscow, 14 March 2004, the plane Moscow - New York.

In such cases, let reception ...

Do not become a "grounding". You should not be the last link in the information channel. Talk about what they saw and heard. It does not become a "repeater". Follow up story to express feelings and opinions. If the information you transmit to others, no interest, think about it, is it really needed it to you. 5. Establish priorities. Normal sequence of importance - I do, then - my family and people close to me. Once you become clear value of information for you personally and for your immediate environment, we can not with such a severe emotional involvement to decide what it means for the country and the planet as a whole. 6. Calculate the forces. Should not be distressed because of what you can not change at all desire. If the objective you can not to anything to influence, but it bothers you, speak out or let out the feelings in prayer. 7. Keep track of the changes in myself. Notice how changing your status. Sometimes, in order to prevent disruption or panic reaction, it is enough to say: "Now I feel irritated" or "Now I'm afraid." Before you act, look at what caused your stress. Put between your mood and your actions barrier of comprehension. Maintain the consequences of your reactions. The first motivation is not always the correct one. 8. Learn to say to myself: "Stop." This applies not only to act, but also to the thoughts and feelings. The English have a wonderful saying, "Stop and smell roses." Any attempt to oppose the chagrin of pleasant memories. In the world there are many good things, and when the clouds are gathering, you can try the principle of Scarlett O'Hara. When she was surrounded worries, she said: "This is what I think about it tomorrow." 9. He caught himself on the willingness of fear or sadness, ask yourself whether or not to indulge in despondency. Is it really stupid fox in the fable, who could not reach the grapes, do not let yourself become frustrated, and found a way that supports her self-worth, and told myself to think that he has not quite sung? 10. "Every thing that you do, there is one-eighth of the unknown, and to maintain its internal ordering of, if not going to happen to fulfill the case, is seven-eighths" - so wrote the ancient Christian ascetic Abba Dorofei. Listen to the wisdom, proven for centuries. Would work well the body is not useful to us for more important things to and achievements in the future? By practicing these rules, you will find that the stress of the opponent and the oppressor becomes your ally, and even an assistant. "TAME" Stress is a great resource of energy. Boldly to harness it to the cart of your destiny. But life is life, and sometimes there are situations when it is necessary to concentrate the maximum, to gather his thoughts to make the right decision before an important business meeting or a meeting, and you are nervous, angry and realize that it can stop you at a crucial moment. In such cases, we assume reception of sedatives to help a particular point in life.

"Psycho" treats emotions

Osenyumy most susceptible to various stresses and problems associated spsihicheskim health.

It is better to remember the wise biblical ...

Highly qualified physician in rehabilitation will be for you the most effective scheme of rehabilitation. But most important - is that, if necessary after a full examination to help you come any specialists Clinics - Endocrinologists, gynecologists, dermatologists, and others. Possible to conduct all investigations and treatments. In this "quickening" the world we are increasingly exposed to stress. Any strong feeling, of course, affect the condition and appearance of the person. The clinic of "Medicine" is the program "Anti-Stress. It allows you to quickly restore good health, cheer up, to compensate for the negative impact of the environment. The program includes accommodation in our comfortable and cozy hospital, where you'll pass the procedure on the basis of Department of Rehabilitation Medicine. Especially for you will develop an individual diet. Daily facials quickly restore tired body, and especially chosen set of procedures will help, not leaving from Moscow, to get proper rest and recover malfunction.

Kirill S. Larionov, the chief doctor in the department of regenerative medicine, k.m.n.http: / / www.medicina.ru/ 

Stop the stress!

At the very concept of "stress" is nothing negative. This is nothing more than the state of mobilization of the organism, "willingness to number one all the organs and systems. The negative consequences are possible only when this condition becomes chronic or is incorrect discharge. Our time is characterized by an unusually heavy flow of information. Scientists estimate that the day of urban residents receive the same information as the farmer of the last century received a lifetime. And each informational message causes a reaction of the organism. So, to cope with stress, you need to properly tune your body. The following are general principles of "setting". 1. Manage the flow of information. Discard the child's motto "I want to know everything." It is better to remember the wise biblical "Many knowledge of many sorrows." Including the TV or opening a newspaper, ask yourself: "What am I here for?" Do not bite off more than you can chew. 2. Having made a decision, think about the consequences. Ask yourself this question: "How to change my life if I knew a fresh political news or the results of a football match?" Try to imagine the reaction that is possible after receiving the information (joy, grief, anxiety, worry, etc.). 3. Frequently engage in dialogue with itself. Receiving the information, think about what it means to you personally, how it changed your life. Whether to act or the time to wait. Strive for sanity - let you become clear on how best to behave in this situation, in other words - to which you answer calls fate. A prominent American psychologist and priest Alexander van Kaam says: "Thinking is not only about what you want out of life but also about what life wants from you." 4.

When guests came, the parents ...

When guests came, the parents boasted Machines achievements. A future star is simply not enough time to sleep, and have friends in the yard or housework - Masha's no such thing was not. Limit is around, and once Mary's music school instead chose the station, where she found a municipal police two days later. Often parents do not realize themselves in life trying to realize and take revenge through their children. Parents begin to impose employment in various circles and sections of music schools and art studios. These trends by themselves are fine and are able to give wings to the development of personality, but if served without choice, without regard to the interests of the child, it can become shackles of slavery. Parents start to think: if I had no luck, then let my daughter, my son will prove it ... The child does not "trump card" and not a means of proof of its exclusivity. That a child really need? A child needs parental love, affection, kindness, understanding, empathy and attention. What children get instead? The tyranny of debt, tight regulations, intense competition and forced labor in the hated circle or section. As a result, receive spineless creature with broken lives, in other cases - the son or daughter, who begin to form a protest, and rebellious behavior and obstinate character with asocial tendencies. But be honest: Have you ever been severely as a child wanted to go to the sections that you choose the parents? So why is the child must deal with the fact that he was not too like? Leave a son or daughter the opportunity to choose the occupation that would prefer, or just hang out with friends, or hiking with a leader whom you trust. Because often the child of a happy family flees, if he thinks that parents dispose of his time as they want, do not reckon with him, do not give any freedom of choice. Therefore, we must first consider the interests and desires of the child and not think: "That he is grown, then it will solve their own problems!" Third root, feeding behavioral addictions to run away from home, wandering, aimlessly traveling - BOREDOM, Unallocated fertile soil for this reason are hormonal changes. Most often, children run away just in adolescence 11-14 years, when adulthood begins, of conflict, stubbornness, and as a consequence of regular quarrels with parents, teachers and other adults. Children run away from home when ... - They are bored and have nothing to do with themselves (not to have been formed creative needs) - they are set on edge reduces the monotony, monotony (passivity, lack of initiative) - they want excitement (there is no concept of the consequences and dangers) - they feel the need for affirmation, acceptance and recognition of the (inaudible in the way, irresponsible) parents create the conditions for the formation of this relationship when ... - Are behind the curve of control over their children - "overfed" love their children - tightly wrap their children continued custody - for their son or daughter did not leave a choice - do not leave their children the right to make a mistake - forget about the spiritual needs and notions of morality - suppressed any independence of the child to fill the vacuum of experience and at least as something to brighten up the dullness and monotony of life, children resort to dreams and fantasies on the theme of wanderings, so they are so fast, "sink" for adventure films, it is easy to get hooked on gambling addiction.

There was attention and parental ...

It was and attention, and parental warmth, but it is all she got in passing, as they say on the leftovers. Marianne began to feel on the sidelines, in something as the underdog, forgotten and even unnecessary. Previously, the stepfather to play a lot with a foster daughter, my mother read bedtime stories. Now my mother and stepfather, most of the time they give it to his younger brother, and Marianne from kindergarten took away my father and mother brought home. The Pope was now a new family. Marianne is often said that she had a big girl and she can take care of myself. From the second class of Marianne began to mooch, she liked to drive aimlessly around town, transplanting from one bus to another. In the third class began to leave the house. Mother is a daughter or a new family of the father or grandmother, where she just felt useless and lonely. Mother punished for these absences daughter, but Marianne has continued to run away from home during the night was delayed several times by the police, whose officers and advised to seek psychological help. Unfortunately, these stories a lot ... CONCLUSIONS: After a divorce, very often parents are arranging their lives in new families, giving birth to new children and switching them to forget their first child. Do moms or no time for attention and care to a child, or do not want to do it. Care and attention just enough for one. These moms are justified: the senior already knows how to do everything himself, he was great. Educate prohibitions and punishments, and time is big, then raise the requirements, if behavior problems, then try to bring control, where there really understand the feelings. In children, on a subconscious level matures cash motive: on the one hand - running away from home to escape from the unjust demands and tight control, and with another - a way to attract attention because they are lonely next to family and friends. Child desire to acknowledge you, cares about you and love remain unsatisfied. Instead, they feel worthless. Stems usually demonstrative. Children run away to where they can always be found. Secluded places where children tend to "licking" her wounds are known to parents. Children in this way elicit pity: "looking for, then they need me, and get new insults and clout. The second root, feeding behavioral addictions to run away from home, wandering, aimlessly traveling - LIMIT LOADS. Clinical case: Mum nine of Masha, a failed actress, she dreamed that my daughter becomes a famous actress. Dad just slept and saw in her daughter-Olympic champion gymnast. Day Masha was painted to the limit: the school (to learn to be only "five-plus", "your parents have a college education), after school daily three-hour training in gymnastics, theatrical circle alternate music and dance lessons (the aspiring actress has to be sense of rhythm and plastic). In addition, in-depth study of French.

Causes of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ...

However, most of these cases were attributed to other medical or psychological problems. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, chronic fatigue is causing serious concern four of the 1000 Americans. This violation occurs in all sexes, races and ethnic groups. According to a large 1999 study in the U.S., the highest incidence of CFS was found among women in general, particularly among women of African and Spanish descent, and with lower levels of education and professional status. Some studies indicate that women with gynecological problems, such as menstrual irregularities, may have a higher risk than others. It seems there is no difference in severity of symptoms between men and women who already have CFS. In one study of nurses found that those who worked in worse conditions and subjected to threats of accidents, had a higher risk for signs of CFS. Chronic fatigue the most frequently observed at the age of 40-50 years. This condition is also less common in people aged under 30 years than after 60. However, children and adolescents may also have symptoms of CFS. Most research indicates that girls often develop symptoms of the disease than boys, although the incidence is about the same.

Causes of chronic fatigue syndrome to the reasons for chronic fatigue syndrome there are many theories. Many doctors are skeptical that the CFS - the actual disease. Many believe that is a component of psychological disorder or a sign of other problems such as anemia or high blood pressure. Indeed, to date no primary reasons that could explain all cases of CFS, was found. Many experts believe that this state evolves from a combination of reasons, which may include genetic factors, impaired brain function, immune system hyperreactivity and the impact of viruses or other infectious agents. Personality and psychological factors do not seem to be the direct cause of CFS, but may increase a person's susceptibility to the syndrome after a mental or physical stress.

Health Center Our life - is a constant replenishment of expended energy. Proper diet, sleep, exercise, positive emotions help us to successfully restore power. However, if it comes to chronic fatigue, if the constant stress affect health and appearance can only help the professional medical approach. The Department of regenerative medicine has created all conditions for patients to cost-effectively time to return the energy and vitality, to adjust the shape. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine is equipped with modern technology that allows visitors to go through the whole set of procedures quickly and with pleasure. We at the Clinic developed a weight loss program, anti-stress program, a program to prepare for childbirth and more.

Instructor on hand to hand combat ...

Instructor of fighting, diving, test driver writer. Poet. Author of "Life without danger," "Tales from the trunk," "Winning Life," "Sleeping Barbarian." Journalist, author of hundreds of articles and publications. Photographer. Author of several photography exhibitions in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Vitaly Sundakov - a leading expert on the cradle civilizations and magical cultures of the world. Organized and carried out more than forty research expeditions to the most remote regions of the planet. Source: http://sundakov.ru/index.php?id=1 geography of his expeditions to the world: the photographs India, the Philippines, Indonesia, the Himalayas and Papua New Guinea, the Gobi Desert, the Amazon jungle ... Choosing the path. Vitaly Sundakov always tried to just one to go where no one can get. The fact of the biography Vitaly Sundakova, the famous modern Russian traveler, that he often ran away from his childhood home, wandered, as an example of a successful outcome of this behavior according to the professional dedication that has become a matter of his life. This example Vitaly Sundakova more the exception than the rule. Recently to me for advice over the Internet turned the mother of a teenage girl: Hello, Vladimir! I have a problem with the child. Thank God, no drugs, no alcohol, but a passion for traveling alone. Daughters of some 15 years. Dangerous in fact. Can we help you? Sundakov of it obviously will not work. Generally I am very upset about her unwillingness to learn. Obscure a rush - running away from home, going nowhere and no one knows why? I understand the desire inherent in her age, I want to love and adventure, but you can not because of this break of his life. But this is how it turns my daughter today. Sincerely, Albina. Berlin. I'll try to comment on a letter to Albina and give advice to parents whose children are affected by this behavioral dependence: Yes, many have heard about this problem. Many parents think: no, my kid will not happen! Yes true, why run if you have all the toys are beautiful, delicious food, good living conditions? But statistics show that run away from home in 70% of children from families with wealth. The main motive of the fugitives: "parental misunderstanding" and only 30% leaving the house, children from disadvantaged families. About it here and go talk. Let's start from the beginning. The first root, feeding behavioral addictions to run away from home, wandering, aimlessly traveling - Neglect of family and relatives Clinical example: A young family, her parents divorced in the sixth year of marriage, when Marianne was only four and a half years. Mother Marianne - a young and beautiful woman married a year and a new marriage gave birth to a son. Marianne is very glad that now she has a younger brother. As so often happens - the stepfather and mother, Marianne his attention shifted to the baby. No, adults do not forget about her daughter, she got everything you need: food, toys and all that is needed for the child.